Histograms
Usage
hist(x, ...)
hist.default(x, breaks, freq = NULL, probability = !freq,
include.lowest = TRUE, right = TRUE,
col = NULL, border = par("fg"),
main = paste("Histogram of" , deparse(substitute(x))),
xlim = range(breaks), ylim = range(counts, 0),
xlab = deparse(substitute(x)), ylab,
axes = TRUE, plot = TRUE, labels = FALSE, ...)
Arguments
x
|
a vector of values for which the histogram is desired.
|
breaks
|
either a single number giving the
approximate number of cells for the histogram
or a vector giving the breakpoints between histogram cells.
|
freq
|
logical; if TRUE , the
histogram graphic is to present a representation of frequencies, i.e,
the counts component of the result; if FALSE ,
relative frequencies (``probabilities''), the rel.freqs ,
are plotted. Defaults to TRUE iff breaks are
equidistant.
|
probability
|
an alias for !freq , for S compatibility.
|
include.lowest
|
logical; if TRUE ,
an `x[i]' equal to the `breaks' value will be included in the first
(or last, for right = FALSE ) bar.
|
right
|
logical; if TRUE , the histograms cells are
right-closed (left open) intervals.
|
col
|
a colour to be used to fill the bars.
The default of NULL yields unfilled bars.
|
border
|
the color of the border around the bars.
|
main,xlab,ylab
|
these arguments to title have useful
defaults here.
|
xlim,ylim
|
the range of x and y values with sensible defaults.
|
plot
|
logical. If TRUE (default), a histogram is
plotted, otherwise a list of breaks and counts is returned.
|
labels
|
logical. Additionally draw labels on top of bars, if TRUE .
|
...
|
further graphical parameters to title and axis .
|
Description
The generic function hist
computes and plots (if plot=T
) a
histogram of the given data values.Details
If right = TRUE
(default), the histogram cells are intervals of the form
(a,b]
, i.e. they include their right-hand endpoint,
but not their left one, with the exception of the first cell when
include.lowest
is TRUE
.
For right = FALSE
, the intervals are of the form [a,b)
,
and include.lowest
really has the meaning of ``include highest''.
Value
a list with components
breaks
|
the n+1 cell boundaries (= breaks if that
was a vector).
|
counts
|
n integers; for each cell, the number of
x[] inside.
|
intensities
|
values f^(x[i]), as estimated
density values. If all(diff(breaks) == 1) , they are the
relative frequencies counts/n and in general satisfy
sum[i; f^(x[i])
(b[i+1]-b[i])] = 1, where b[i]=breaks[i] .
|
mids
|
the n cell midpoints; useful for plotting.
|
Note
The resulting value does not
depend on the values of the arguments freq
(or probability
)
or plot
. This is intentionally different from S.See Also
stem
, density
.Examples
data(islands)
op <- par(mfrow=c(2,2))
hist(islands)
str(hist(islands, col="gray", labels = TRUE))
hist(sqrt(islands), br = 12, col="lightblue", border="pink")
##-- For non-equidistant breaks, counts should NOT be graphed unscaled:
r <- hist(sqrt(islands), br = c(4* 0:5,10* 3:5,70,100,140), col='blue1')
text(r$mids, r$intensities, r$counts, adj=c(.5,-.5), col='blue3')
sapply(r[2:3],sum)
sum(r$intensities * diff(r$breaks)) # == 1
par(op)
str(hist(islands, plot= F))
str(hist(islands, br=12, plot= F))
str(hist(islands, br=c(12,20,36,80,200,1000,17000), plot = F))
str(hist(islands, br=c(12,20,36,80,200,1000,17000), freq = TRUE))#warning