Projection Pursuit Regression

Usage

ppr(formula, data=sys.parent(), weights,
    subset, na.action, contrasts=NULL,

    ww=rep(1,q), nterms, max.terms=nterms, optlevel=2, 
    sm.method=c("supsmu", "spline", "gcvspline"),
    bass=0, span=0, df=5, gcvpen=1)

ppr(x, y, weights=rep(1,n),
    ww=...... (as above) ...)

Arguments

formula a regression formula specifying one or more response variables and the explanatory variables.
x matrix of explanatory variables. Rows represent observations, and columns represent variables. Missing values are not accepted.
nterms number of terms to include in the final model.
data Data frame from which variables specified in formula are preferentially to be taken.
weights a vector of weights for each case.
ww a vector of weights for each response, so the fit criterion is the sum over case i and responses j of w_i ww_j (y_ij - fit_ij)^2 divided by the sum of w_i.
subset An index vector specifying the cases to be used in the training sample. (NOTE: If given, this argument must be named.)
na.action A function to specify the action to be taken if NAs are found. The default action is for the procedure to fail. An alternative is na.omit, which leads to rejection of cases with missing values on any required variable. (NOTE: If given, this argument must be named.)
contrasts the contrasts to be used when any factor explanatory variables are coded.
max.terms maximum number of terms to choose from when building the model.
optlevel integer from 0 to 3 which determines the throughness of an optimization routine in the SMART program. See the Details section.
sm.method the method used for smoothing the ridge functions. The default is to use Friedman's super smoother supsmu. The alternatives are to use the smoothing spline code underlying smooth.spline, either with a specified (equivalent) degrees of freedom for each ridge functions, or to allow the smoothness to be chosen by GCV.
bass super smoother bass tone control used with automatic span selection (see supsmu); the range of values is 0 to 10, with larger values resulting in increased smoothing.
span super smoother span control (see supsmu). The default, 0, results in automatic span selection by local cross validation. span can also take a value in (0, 1].
df if sm.method is "spline" specifies the smoothness of each ridge term via the requested equivalent degrees of freedom.
gcvpen if sm.method is "gcvspline" this is the penalty used in the GCV selection for each degree of freedom used.

Description

The basic method is given by Friedman (1984), and is essentially the same code used by S's ppreg. The answers will be very similar on a given machine, but this code is extremely sensitive to the compiler used. The differences are the ability to use spline smoothers and the interface which should be much easier to use.

Details

The algorithm first adds up to max.terms ridge terms one at a time; it will use less if it is unable to find a term to add that makes sufficient difference. It then removes the least "important" term at each step until nterm terms are left.

The levels of optimization (argument optlevel) differ in how thoroughly the models are refitted during this process. At level 0 the existing ridge terms are not refitted. At level 1 the projection directions are not refitted, but the ridge functions and the regression coefficients are. Levels 2 and 3 refit all the terms and are equivalent for one response; level 3 is more careful to re-balance the contributions from each regressor at each step and so is a little less likely to converge to a saddle point of the sum of squares criterion.

Value

A list with the following components, many of which are for use by the method functions.

call the matched call
p the number of explanatory variables (after any coding)
q the number of response variables
ml the argument max.terms
gof the overall residual (weighted) sum of squares for the selected model
gofn the overall residual (weighted) sum of squares against the number of terms, up to max.terms. Will be invalid (and zero) for less than nterms.
df the argument df
edf if sm.method is "spline" or "gcvspline" the equivalent number of degrees of freedom for each ridge term used.
xnames the names of the explanatory variables
ynames the names of the response variables
alpha a matrix of the projection directions, with a column for each ridge term
beta a matrix of the coefficients applied for each response to the ridge terms: the rows are the responses and the columns the ridge terms
yb the weighted means of each response
ys the overall scale factor used: internally the responses are divided by ys to have unit total weighted sum of squares.
fitted.values the fitted values, as a matrix if q > 1
residuals the residuals, as a matrix if q > 1
smod internal work array, which includes the ridge functions evaluated at the training set points.

References

Friedman, J. H. and Stuetzle, W. (1981) Projection pursuit regression. Journal of the American Statistical Association 76, 817-823.

Friedman, J. H. (1984) SMART User's Guide. Laboratory for Computational Statistics, Stanford University Technical Report No. 1.

See Also

plot.ppr, ppreg, supsmu, smooth.spline

Examples

# Note: your numerical values may differ
data(rock)
attach(rock)
area1 <- area/10000; peri1 <- peri/10000
rock.ppr <- ppr(log(perm) ~ area1 + peri1 + shape,
		data=rock, nterms=2, max.terms=5)
rock.ppr
# Call:
# ppr.formula(formula = log(perm) ~ area1 + peri1 + shape, data = rock, 
#     nterms = 2, max.terms = 5)
#
# Goodness of fit:
#  2 terms  3 terms  4 terms  5 terms 
# 8.737806 5.289517 4.745799 4.490378

summary(rock.ppr)
# .....  (same as above)
# .....
#
# Projection direction vectors:
#       term 1      term 2     
# area1  0.34357179  0.37071027
# peri1 -0.93781471 -0.61923542
# shape  0.04961846  0.69218595
#
# Coefficients of ridge terms:
#    term 1    term 2 
# 1.6079271 0.5460971 

par(mfrow=c(3,2))# maybe: , pty="s")
plot(rock.ppr, main="ppr(log(perm)~ ., nterms=2, max.terms=5)")
plot(update(rock.ppr, bass=5), main = "update(..., bass = 5)")
plot(update(rock.ppr, sm.method="gcv", gcvpen=2),
     main = "update(..., sm.method=\"gcv\", gcvpen=2)")

# Note: your numerical values may differ
data(rock)
attach(rock)
area1 <- area/10000; peri1 <- peri/10000
rock.ppr <- ppr(log(perm) ~ area1 + peri1 + shape,
		data=rock, nterms=2, max.terms=5)
rock.ppr
# Call:
# ppr.formula(formula = log(perm) ~ area1 + peri1 + shape, data = rock, 
#     nterms = 2, max.terms = 5)
#
# Goodness of fit:
#  2 terms  3 terms  4 terms  5 terms 
# 8.737806 5.289517 4.745799 4.490378

summary(rock.ppr)
# .....  (same as above)
# .....
#
# Projection direction vectors:
#       term 1      term 2     
# area1  0.34357179  0.37071027
# peri1 -0.93781471 -0.61923542
# shape  0.04961846  0.69218595
#
# Coefficients of ridge terms:
#    term 1    term 2 
# 1.6079271 0.5460971 

par(mfrow=c(3,2))# maybe: , pty="s")
plot(rock.ppr, main="ppr(log(perm)~ ., nterms=2, max.terms=5)")
plot(update(rock.ppr, bass=5), main = "update(..., bass = 5)")
plot(update(rock.ppr, sm.method="gcv", gcvpen=2),
     main = "update(..., sm.method=\"gcv\", gcvpen=2)")



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