Q is directly proportional to the change
in temperature
Q is directly proportional to the mass of
the object
The constant of proportionality is the
specific heat of the material
Fundamental formula: Q = c m DeltaT
where DeltaT is the change in temperature
Water has an unusually high specific heat (see
table 4.2, p. 79)
Heat transfer:
Conduction: transfer of energy from
molecule to molecule
Convection: transfer of heat by a
displacement of groups of molecules
with higher kinetic energy
Radiation: "all objects with
temperatures above absolute zero give
off radiant energy" -- this is energy
in the form of light (or other rays
invisible to the human eye --
e.g. infrared)
Phase changes and heat energy
Goal: understand figure 4.18, p. 85
Laws of thermodynamics
First Law: energy cannot be created or
destroyed: merely changed from one form
into another (e.g. heat into work, or
vice versa).
Second Law: natural processes proceed
toward a state of increasing disorder
