Perspective Plots
Usage
persp(x = seq(0, 1, len = nrow(z)), y = seq(0, 1, len = ncol(z)),
z, xlim = range(x), ylim = range(y), zlim = range(z, na.rm=T),
theta = 0, phi = 15, d = 1, scale = TRUE, col, border,
ltheta = -135, lphi = 0, shade = NA, box = TRUE, ...)
Arguments
x,y
|
locations of grid lines at which the values in z are
measured. These must be in ascending order. By default, equally
spaced values from 0 to 1 are used. If x is a list ,
its components x$x and x$y are used for x
and y , respectively.
|
z
|
a matrix containing the values to be plotted (NA s are
allowed). Note that x can be used instead of z for
convenience.
|
xlim, ylim, zlim
|
x-, y- and z-limits. The plot is produced
so that the rectangular volume defined by these limits is visible.
|
theta, phi
|
angles defining the viewing direction.
theta gives the azimuthal direction and phi
the colattitude.
|
d
|
a value which can be used to vary the strength of
the perspective transformation. Values of d greater
than 1 will lessen the perspective effect and values less
and 1 will exaggerate it.
|
scale
|
before viewing the x, y and z coordinates of the
points defining the surface are transformed to the interval
[0,1]. If scale is TRUE the x, y and z coordinates
are transformed separately. If scale is FALSE
the coordinates are scaled so that aspect ratios are retained.
This is useful for rendering things like DEM information.
|
col
|
the color of the surface facets.
|
border
|
the color of the line drawn around the surface facets.
A value of NA will disable the drawing of borders. This is
sometimes useful when the surface is shaded.
|
ltheta, lphi
|
if finite values are specified for ltheta
and lphi , the surface is shaded as though it was being
illuminated from the direction specified by azimuth ltheta
and collattitude lphi .
|
shade
|
the shade at a surface facet is computed as
((1+d)/2)^shade , where d is the dot product of
a unit vector normal to the facet and a unit vector in the
direction of a light source. Values of shade close
to one yield shading similar to a point light source model
and values close to zero produce no shading. Values in the
range 0.5 to 0.75 provide an approximation to daylight
illumination.
|
box
|
should the bounding box for the surface be displayed.
The default is TRUE .
|
...
|
additional graphical parameters (see par )
and the arguments to title may also be supplied.
|
Description
This function draws perspective plots of surfaces over the
x-y plane. The plots are produced by first transforming the
coordinates to the interval [0,1]. The surface is then viewed
by looking at the origin from a direction defined by theta
and phi
. If theta
and phi
are both zero
the viewing direction is directly down the negative y axis.
Changing theta
will vary the azimuth and changing phi
the colattitude.See Also
contour
and image
.Examples
# (1) The Obligatory Mathematical surface.
# Rotated sinc function.
x <- seq(-10,10,length=50)
y <- x
f <- function(x,y)
{
r <- sqrt(x^2+y^2)
10 * sin(r)/r
}
z <- outer(x,y,f)
z[is.na(z)] <- 1
par(bg="white")
persp(x, y, z, theta=30, phi=30, expand=0.5, col="lightblue")
persp(x, y, z, theta=30, phi=30, expand=0.5, col="lightblue",
ltheta=120, shade = 0.75)
# (2) Visualizing a simple DEM model
data(volcano)
z <- 2 * volcano # Exaggerate the relief
x <- 10 * (1:nrow(z)) # 10 meter spacing (S to N)
y <- 10 * (1:ncol(z)) # 10 meter spacing (E to W)
persp(x, y, z, theta=120, phi=15, scale=FALSE)
# (3) Now something more complex
# We border the surface, to make it more "slice like"
# and color the top and sides of the surface differently.
zmin <- min(z)-20
z <- rbind(zmin, cbind(zmin, z, zmin), zmin)
x <- c(min(x)-1e-10, x, max(x)+1e-10)
y <- c(min(y)-1e-10, y, max(y)+1e-10)
fill <- matrix("green3", nr=nrow(z)-1, nc=ncol(z)-1)
fill[,1] <- "gray"
fill[,ncol(fill)] <- "gray"
fill[1,] <- "gray"
fill[nrow(fill),] <- "gray"
par(bg="lightblue")
persp(x, y, z, theta=120, phi=15, col=fill, scale=F)
title(main="Maunga Whau\nOne of 50 Volcanoes in the Auckland Region.",
font.main=4)
par(bg="slategray")
persp(x, y, z, theta=135, phi=30, col=fill, scale=F, ltheta=-120,
lphi=15, shade=0.65)
persp(x, y, z, theta=135, phi=30, col="green3", scale=F,
ltheta=-120, shade=0.75, border=NA, box=FALSE)